粳稻转基因技术体系的研究与应用进展

水稻是我国60%以上人口的主食,在保障国家口粮安全中起着举足轻重的作用。近年来,随着人们生活水平的提高、城镇化进程的加快和消费习惯的改变,我国粳稻消费需求快速增长。但是,受耕地减少、生物与非生物因素胁迫日益严重的影响,粳稻增产的难度越来越大。基因工程技术的发展和应用为打破这一僵局提供了可能。回顾了粳稻转基因技术的发展,对粳稻转基因体系建立、体系优化、育种应用和安全转基因技术研发等方面进行了综述,并对目前粳稻转基因技术存在的问题和未来的发展进行了分析和展望。     

凤冈县三资转换的成效与困境及对策

由资源转换成资产再转换为资本的做法简称三资转换。贵州省凤冈县充分利用农村产权制度改革试点机会,积极探索三资转换工作,在激发农村发展活力、有效解决三农问题方面产生了积极的影响。为进一步推动凤冈县的三资转换工作提供参考,在凤冈县实地调查的基础上,对三资转换的路径和成效进行了归纳总结,对三资转换工作面临的困境进行了探讨,同时提出了三资转换的对策。     

General Nexus Between Water and Electricity Use and Its Implication for Urban Agricultural Sustainability:A Case Study of Shenzhen, South China

Although water and energy resources are well-recognized concerns regarding economic and social development sustainability, little specific research has focused on both water and energy problems at the same time. This study analyzed the water and electricity-use patterns in Shenzhen, South China during 2001-2009. A curve regression method was used to examine the relationship between water and electricity use per gross domestic product (GDP) in Shenzhen and its three sectors, i.e., agriculture, industry & construction, and residential life & services. Results showed that agriculture only covered less than 10% of water and electricity use in Shenzhen, while industry & construction and residential life & services accounted for more than 90% of water and electricity use in Shenzhen, which coincided with the city’s industrial structure. The water and electricity use per GDP in agriculture was the biggest among three sectors in Shenzhen during 2001-2009, which means inefficiency of water and electricity use in agriculture. Due to transitioning to advanced materials and manufacturing, both water and electricity use per GDP in industry & construction decreased during 2001-2009 and their utilization efficiencies gradually increased over time. The same held true for those in residential life & services transformed toward modern business, creative culture, finance services, etc. Derived from the survival of the fittest in competing for limited water and electricity resources, agriculture in Shenzhen has been gradually substituted by industry & construction and residential life & services, with much higher efficiencies of water and electricity use. And traditional agriculture will not be sustainable in the process of urbanization and industrialization, except high-tech intensive agriculture with low water and energy cost. Furthermore, by means of curve regression, we found that there was a significant quadratic relationship between water use per GDP and electricity use per GDP in the entire city and its three sectors. Suitable industrial transformation and advancement was a very effective way to save water and energy for modern cities. This can provide some reference for systematic planning and design of water and electricity allocation and use in agriculture, industry & construction and residential life & services in a city.     

甜樱桃四倍体杂种砧木Y1高频、高效离体再生体系研究

以甜樱桃四倍体矮化砧木Y1试管苗叶片为外植体,探讨了不同基本培养基、激素组合、暗培养时间和叶片发育阶段对其不定芽再生的影响,建立甜樱桃四倍体矮化砧木的高频、高效离体再生体系,为进一步进行遗传转化研究奠定基础。结果表明,甜樱桃四倍体矮化砧木Y1采用WPM培养基再生效果最好,明显优于MS和DKW培养基;最佳激素组合为6-BA2.0 mg.L-1+IBA1.0 mg.L-1;接种后暗培养可以明显提高不定芽再生率,最适宜暗培养时间为14 d;Y1试管苗顶部完全展开的幼嫩叶片再生能力最高。通过以上条件的优化,成功建立了甜樱桃四倍体矮化砧木的高频、高效离体再生体系,离体叶片不定芽再生率达90%,每叶片平均再生不定芽数达4.1。     

Response of Maize and Cowpea Grown Sequentially to Application of Phosphate Rock in the Humid Tropics

Field trials were conducted at the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training Ibadan in 2000 and 2001 cropping seasons to evaluate the efficiency of some phosphorus (P) sources, rates, and frequency of application on grain yields of maize and cowpea grown sequentially. The experiment was laid out in a split–split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design, with three replications. The main plot was frequency of fertilizer application (seasonal and annual). Source of P [single superphosphate (SSP: 18% P₂O₅)]; Ogun rock phosphate (OPR: 20.21% P₂O₅), and crystallizer super (CS: 31.4% P₂O₅) constituted the subplots. The P rates (0, 20, 40, and 60 kg P ha^?1) were the sub-subplots. An early maize cropping followed by a late-season cowpea was the sequential cropping, while an early maize followed by a late-season maize was the continuous cropping. The croppings were repeated the second year. Frequency of P application and source of P were significantly different while rates of application were not. Maize and cowpea grain yields from the control treatment were significantly less than yields from P-treated plots. Maize grain yields were slightly greater in plots alternated with cowpea, compared to continuous maize. Relative agronomic efficiency (RAE) values of OPR and CS were 67% and 75%, respectively, in annual application and 140% and 134% in seasonal applications, respectively, in 2000. In 2001, the trend was almost similar to 2000 except that there was a decline in RAE values of cowpea. Each Naira invested in the annual application returned about ?3.12 while about ?2.13 was returned with the seasonal application (?125.00 is the equivalent of USD$1.00). The OPR and CS can serve as alternatives to water-soluble sources such as SSP.     

科研院所科技成果转化存在的问题及对策

科研院所科技成果转化情况是科研院所科研水平的重要标志。分析目前科研院所在科技成果转化过程中存在的科研评价体系、收益分配制度、服务体系、政策环境等现状，提出改革科技成果评价和激励机制、建立合理的收益分配制度、加强科技成果转化研发平台建设、大力发展科技服务业、改变政府引导和支持模式、加强财政金融对产学研合作项目的支持等对策。     

变频调速系统控制方法的研究

针对传统变频调速控制系统的不足,本文在交―交变频调速系统的基础上,引入了一种新的控制方法———对称余弦控制法。这种控制方法不但兼顾了传统控制方法所固有的正弦性,同时又由于它自身控制方式的特点,能很好地解决波形的对称性问题,同时兼顾输出波形的对称度与正弦度。通过仿真实验,该控制方式能很好地兼顾对称度和正弦度,输出的谐波含量也较小,取得了良好的效果。     

Establishment of Efficient Regeneration System of Populus×euramericana cl.‘Bofeng’

Compared with the species of Leuce section,the difficulty in plant regeneration during tissue culture for the species of Aigeiros section is a key limiting factor for their application in genetic engineering of forest trees.In this study,the plant growth regulators combination,copper concentration,light intensity,and the selection pressures of kanamycin were investigated using leaves of Populus×euramericana cl.’Bofeng’ as explants,and a stable and high efficient regeneration system was established.Using this system,both the shoot regeneration rate and rooting rate were up to 100%,and the average number of differentiated shoots in each leaf explant was up to 20,and the survival rate of seedlings reached 98%.The optimal selection pressure of kanamycin in shoot inducement for leaf-explant was 40 mg·L^-1,and the optimal selection pressure of kanamycin in root inducement of adventitious bud was 20 mg·L^-1.The authors also found that differentiation rate of adventitious buds of P.×euramericana cl.’Bofeng’ could be significantly promoted by increased copper concentration,and this is the first report about the key role of copper（Cu） in explant regeneration of Poplars.This regeneration system with high frequency which was established by the authors was as good as that of species of Leuce section,and it provides a good technological platform for genetic engineering of forest tree which uses the species of Aigeiros section as model materials.     

昆明市东川区资源枯竭的困境和经济转型的思考

资源的开采和利用在给人们带来财富和享受的同时,也因为资源的不断耗尽与环境的破坏而给人们带来了大量的灾难和问题。云南东川作为新中国第一批因矿而建的城市,在经过多年对矿产资源的开采和利用后,随着资源的枯竭而使其经济陷入极端困境之中。通过对东川经济转型期如何改变资源依赖路径,形成多元产业协调发展,以及如何实现生态环境保护与经济发展相协调的长效机制等问题进行了探讨,并提出相应的对策建议。     

施肥水平和刈割制度对鸭茅生产性能的影响

对 1997、1998两年播种量为 2 0kg/hm2 的鸭茅进行播种试验 ,氮肥水平分别是 0 ,37,74,111,148,185kg/hm2 ;刈割频率每年为 2次、3次。氮肥水平增加到 74kg/hm2 时 ,干物质 (DM )产量最高 ,首次刈割推迟 ,刈割周期延长 ,DM产量提高。提早播种对于提高产量有显著影响 ,晚秋 (10月份 )收割会使冬季营养贮备贫乏 ,从而对安全越冬造成威胁。鸭茅总含氮量 2 .5 8% 4.40 % ,在氮肥水平低于111kg/hm2 时 ,含氮量受氮肥水平的影响不大。体外干物质消化率 (IVDMD)受刈割频率的影响较大 ,氮肥水平高于 74kg/hm2 时 ,硝态氮 (NO3 N)积累量超过 0 .15 % ,可能会对家畜造成毒害作用